Student-Authored Publications on Education, Labor, and Workforce Development

The Missing Infrastructure for Elementary (K–5) Social Studies Instruction: Findings from the 2022 American Instructional Resources Survey March 7, 2023

Melissa Kay Diliberti, Ashley Woo, Julia H. Kaufman
This report uses data from the RAND Corporation's American Educator Panels to investigate the state of infrastructure to support elementary social studies instruction during the 2021–2022 school year. The report illustrates that the underprovision of infrastructure for social studies instruction is in sharp contrast to other core subject areas and has important consequences for how teachers approach this subject.
RAND American School District Panel: Creation and Technical Description August 4, 2022

David Grant, Stephanie J. Walsh, Claude Messan Setodji, Heather L. Schwartz, Melissa Kay Diliberti, Lisa Wagner
This report describes the American School District Panel (ASDP) sample design, methods used to recruit districts to join the panel, recruitment results through the first several rounds of enrolling districts into the panel, and methods employed to weight ASDP data to the national population of kindergarten through grade 12 public school districts in the United States.
Districts Continue to Struggle with Staffing, Political Polarization, and Unfinished Instruction: Selected Findings from the Fifth American School District Panel Survey July 19, 2022

Melissa Kay Diliberti, Heather L. Schwartz
To obtain a national picture of districts' challenges at the end of the third school year during the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors assess nationally representative survey responses from 291 district leaders who completed the American School District Panel in spring 2022. Survey findings reveal that districts continue to struggle with how to address teacher shortages, political polarization, student and staff mental health, and student learning loss.
State of the Superintendent — High Job Satisfaction and a Projected Normal Turnover Rate: Selected Findings from the Fifth American School District Panel Survey July 12, 2022

Heather L. Schwartz, Melissa Kay Diliberti
To examine superintendents' job satisfaction and short-term career plans, RAND researchers fielded a survey to a randomly sampled set of 291 American School District Panel district and charter leaders — including 222 superintendents — and then weighted their responses to be nationally representative. Analyses suggest that, as of spring 2022, superintendents have positive feelings about their jobs and intend to leave their positions at rates on par with prepandemic levels.
Technical Documentation for the Fifth American School District Panel Survey July 12, 2022

David Grant, Claude Messan Setodji, Gerald P. Hunter, Melissa Kay Diliberti
The American School District Panel (ASDP) is the newest addition to the RAND Corporation's American Educator Panels. This report provides technical information about the spring 2022 ASDP survey of district leaders. The authors describe the survey administration and weighting processes they used to produce nationally representative estimates.
Leak or Link? the Overrepresentation of Women in Non-Tenure-Track Academic Positions in STEM July 7, 2022

Stephanie Rennane, Hannah Acheson-Field, Kathryn A. Edwards, Grace Gahlon, Melanie A. Zaber
This paper examines gender variation in departures from the tenure-track science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) academic career pathway to non-tenure-track academic careers.
The Impact and Implementation of the Chicago Collaborative Teacher Professional Development Program July 6, 2022

Kata Mihaly, Isaac M. Opper, Lucas Greer
The authors evaluated the Chicago Collaborative, a teacher professional development program that is aligned to Common Core State Standards and implemented by Leading Educators. Using data from 40 schools across three school districts in the Chicago area during the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 school years, the authors examined how the Chicago Collaborative program was implemented and whether the program impacted student achievement.
Pods in Action: Community Works July 1, 2022

Heather Gomez-Bendaña, Elizabeth D. Steiner
This case study describes Community Works, a pandemic-era learning pod in New Orleans, LA. This case study is part of an effort by the Center for Reinventing Public Education to capture lessons learned from pandemic-era schooling.
Pods in Action: Neighborhood North July 1, 2022

Elizabeth D. Steiner, Heather Gomez-Bendaña
This case study describes Neighborhood North, a pandemic-era learning pod in Beaver Falls, PA. This case study is part of an effort by the Center for Reinventing Public Education to capture lessons learned from pandemic-era schooling.
State of the American Teacher and State of the American Principal Surveys: 2022 Technical Documentation and Survey Results June 15, 2022

Sy Doan, Lucas Greer, Heather L. Schwartz, Elizabeth D. Steiner, Ashley Woo
This technical report on the 2022 State of the American Teacher (SoT) and State of the American Principal (SoP) surveys includes descriptions of the survey content, administration, and weighting for the SoT and SoP surveys; descriptions of the American Life Panel (ALP) companion survey; descriptions of the qualitative methods used for interviews with SoT respondents; and univariate descriptive tables of the SoT, SoP, and ALP companion surveys.
Restoring Teacher and Principal Well-Being Is an Essential Step for Rebuilding Schools: Findings from the State of the American Teacher and State of the American Principal Surveys June 15, 2022

Elizabeth D. Steiner, Sy Doan, Ashley Woo, Allyson D. Gittens, Rebecca Ann Lawrence, Lisa Berdie, Rebecca L. Wolfe, Lucas Greer, Heather L. Schwartz
Understanding the relationships among teacher and principal well-being, perceived working conditions, and intentions to leave their current position is critical for pandemic recovery and for the long-term health of the principal and teacher workforce. Researchers present selected findings on these topics from the 2022 State of the American Teacher and State of the American Principal surveys, with a specific focus on educators of color.
Is the National Nuclear Enterprise Workforce Postured to Modernize the Triad? Insights and Options from a Quick-turn Assessment June 13, 2022

Laura Werber, Frank G. Klotz, Brian Phillips, Noah Johnson, Lucas Greer, Brittany Clayton, Mark V. Arena, Chaitra M. Hardison
This report presents the results of a quick-turn, 90-day assessment of the health of the national nuclear enterprise workforce, with a focus on federal personnel in the acquisition and the science, technology, engineering, and math fields. Researchers reviewed recruiting, retention, and other factors in response to evolving talent demands to sustain existing nuclear weapon systems while also developing more-modern capabilities.
A Snapshot of Anti-Bias Education in U.S. K–12 Schools: Findings from the 2021 American Instructional Resources Surveys April 18, 2022

Ashley Woo, Tanji Reed Marshall, Lawrence Paska, Julia H. Kaufman
In this webinar, RAND Corporation researchers share data from a national teacher survey administered in spring 2021 concerning the extent to which public school teachers report addressing anti-bias education in their K–12 classrooms. Discussants from organizations that support high-quality teaching and learning reflect on the findings and their implications for helping all students in public schools succeed.
For Secondary Teachers Educating Students with Disabilities, 2021 Was a New Year with an Old Story: Findings from the American Educator Panels March 3, 2022

Laura Stelitano, Heather Gomez-Bendaña, Lucas Greer
The COVID-19 pandemic presented new challenges for educators who teach students with disabilities (SWD). The authors of this Data Note present national survey findings from secondary school principals and educators from the spring of the 2020–2021 school year, exploring educators' access to and use of supports for teaching SWD.
A Snapshot of Anti-Bias Education in U.S. K–12 Schools: Findings from the 2021 American Instructional Resources Surveys February 22, 2022

Ashley Woo, Rebecca Ann Lawrence, Sy Doan, Julia H. Kaufman
Research demonstrates that teaching students explicitly about issues of identity, diversity, equity, and bias—sometimes referred to as anti-bias education—can lead to positive student outcomes. RAND researchers leverage nationally representative survey data of kindergarten through 12th grade (K–12) public school teachers to examine whether teachers report providing anti-bias education and what anti-bias education looks like in K–12 schools.
Flux in the Educator Labor Market: Acute Staff Shortages and Projected Superintendent Departures: Selected Findings from the Fourth American School District Panel Survey February 15, 2022

Heather L. Schwartz, Melissa Kay Diliberti
Media accounts have described kindergarten through 12th grade teaching staff shortages in 2021–2022 that were severe enough to temporarily close schools for in-person instruction in some areas. To obtain a national picture of the types of staffing challenges that districts are facing in the 2021–2022 school year, RAND researchers surveyed 359 district and charter network leaders in the American School District Panel in fall 2021.
American School District Panel Interactive Survey Results Tool: Fall 2021 COVID-19 Survey Results February 8, 2022

Gerald P. Hunter, Melissa Kay Diliberti, Heather L. Schwartz
A total of 359 district leaders from school districts and charter management organizations took the fourth American School District Panel survey in fall 2021. This online tool allows users to select individual survey questions and compare district leaders' responses. Color-coded charts display survey results for all respondents and by district type, locale, student race/ethnicity, and district poverty level.
Technical Documentation for the Fourth American School District Panel Survey February 8, 2022

David Grant, Claude Messan Setodji, Gerald P. Hunter, Melissa Kay Diliberti
The American School District Panel (ASDP) is the newest addition to the RAND Corporation's American Educator Panels. This report provides technical information about the November 2021 ASDP survey of district leaders. The authors describe the respondent districts' characteristics and the method used for creating survey weights to produce nationally representative estimates.
District Leaders' Concerns About Mental Health and Political Polarization in Schools: Selected Findings from the Fourth American School District Panel Survey February 8, 2022

Melissa Kay Diliberti, Heather L. Schwartz
Media reports of staff shortages, heated school board meetings, increased student misbehavior, low student and teacher attendance, and enrollment declines suggest increased — rather than decreased — problems during this third pandemic school year. To learn about the prevalence of these challenges nationwide, RAND researchers surveyed 359 district and charter network leaders in the American School District Panel.
English Language Arts Instructional Systems in the First Full Year of COVID-19 January 31, 2022

Elaine Lin Wang, Daniel Silver, Morgan Polikoff, Ashley Woo, Julia H. Kaufman, Allyson D. Gittens, Isabel Clay
Developing a coherent, standards-aligned instructional system is challenging even in the best of times; it may be especially difficult to achieve as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. The authors focus on teachers' perceptions of the guidance received on English language arts instruction and instructional system coherence in the first full year of COVID-19 (2020–2021) and how teachers' perceptions compared with the 2019–2020 school year.
The Well-Being of Secondary School Principals One Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic January 26, 2022

Ashley Woo, Elizabeth D. Steiner
Using nationally representative data from the 2021 Learn Together Surveys, the authors examine the state of secondary principals' well-being and job-related stressors one year into the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors discuss implications and recommend strategies to encourage state and local policymakers and district leaders to consider principals' well-being and take steps to mitigate job-related stressors now and in the long term.
Changes in School Composition During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for School-Average Interim Test Score Use January 19, 2022

Jonathan Schweig, Megan Kuhfeld, Melissa Kay Diliberti, Andrew McEachin, Louis T. Mariano
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exacerbated concerns about whether differences in school-aggregate test scores can be interpreted to represent real and meaningful differences in school progress and performance. In this report, RAND researchers investigate one issue that may contaminate utilization of COVID-19–era school-aggregate scores: changes in school composition over time.
The Online Extremist Ecosystem: Its Evolution and a Framework for Separating Extreme from Mainstream December 2, 2021

Heather J. Williams, Alexandra T. Evans, Jamie Ryan, Erik E. Mueller, Bryce Downing
The authors describe how the internet has become a safe harbor for white supremacist and other extremist views and introduce a framework with which internet users can categorize the platforms they encounter and navigate around high-traffic nodes of the extremist ecosystem.
Seeking Balance in the Provision of Technical Assistance: Insights from the National Center to Improve Social and Emotional Learning and School Safety November 9, 2021

Stephani L. Wrabel, Susan Bush-Mecenas, Ashley Woo
The authors examine the first three years of operation for the Center to Improve Social and Emotional Learning and School Safety (CISELSS). They explore how CISELSS balanced competing pressures and shifting contextual conditions in the provision of technical assistance to state and local education agencies and offer insights about CISELSS's early implementation that might help guide efforts to continuously improve its provision of supports.
Identifying Supports for Struggling Students: Findings from the 2021 Learn Together Surveys November 2, 2021

Sy Doan, Lucas Greer, Elizabeth D. Steiner
In this Data Note, the authors use nationally representative survey response data from the 2021 Learn Together Surveys (LTS) to examine how secondary teachers leverage different types of information to guide them to the supports and interventions that they use in the classroom. Drawing on their analysis of LTS data, the authors discuss three key findings and conclude with implications and policy recommendations.

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Student-Authored Publications on Education, Labor, and Workforce Development

The Missing Infrastructure for Elementary (K–5) Social Studies Instruction: Findings from the 2022 American Instructional Resources Survey March 7, 2023

RAND American School District Panel: Creation and Technical Description August 4, 2022

Districts Continue to Struggle with Staffing, Political Polarization, and Unfinished Instruction: Selected Findings from the Fifth American School District Panel Survey July 19, 2022

State of the Superintendent — High Job Satisfaction and a Projected Normal Turnover Rate: Selected Findings from the Fifth American School District Panel Survey July 12, 2022

Technical Documentation for the Fifth American School District Panel Survey July 12, 2022

Leak or Link? the Overrepresentation of Women in Non-Tenure-Track Academic Positions in STEM July 7, 2022

The Impact and Implementation of the Chicago Collaborative Teacher Professional Development Program July 6, 2022

Pods in Action: Community Works July 1, 2022

Pods in Action: Neighborhood North July 1, 2022

State of the American Teacher and State of the American Principal Surveys: 2022 Technical Documentation and Survey Results June 15, 2022

Restoring Teacher and Principal Well-Being Is an Essential Step for Rebuilding Schools: Findings from the State of the American Teacher and State of the American Principal Surveys June 15, 2022

Is the National Nuclear Enterprise Workforce Postured to Modernize the Triad? Insights and Options from a Quick-turn Assessment June 13, 2022

A Snapshot of Anti-Bias Education in U.S. K–12 Schools: Findings from the 2021 American Instructional Resources Surveys April 18, 2022

For Secondary Teachers Educating Students with Disabilities, 2021 Was a New Year with an Old Story: Findings from the American Educator Panels March 3, 2022

A Snapshot of Anti-Bias Education in U.S. K–12 Schools: Findings from the 2021 American Instructional Resources Surveys February 22, 2022

Flux in the Educator Labor Market: Acute Staff Shortages and Projected Superintendent Departures: Selected Findings from the Fourth American School District Panel Survey February 15, 2022

American School District Panel Interactive Survey Results Tool: Fall 2021 COVID-19 Survey Results February 8, 2022

Technical Documentation for the Fourth American School District Panel Survey February 8, 2022

District Leaders' Concerns About Mental Health and Political Polarization in Schools: Selected Findings from the Fourth American School District Panel Survey February 8, 2022

English Language Arts Instructional Systems in the First Full Year of COVID-19 January 31, 2022

The Well-Being of Secondary School Principals One Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic January 26, 2022

Changes in School Composition During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for School-Average Interim Test Score Use January 19, 2022

The Online Extremist Ecosystem: Its Evolution and a Framework for Separating Extreme from Mainstream December 2, 2021

Seeking Balance in the Provision of Technical Assistance: Insights from the National Center to Improve Social and Emotional Learning and School Safety November 9, 2021

Identifying Supports for Struggling Students: Findings from the 2021 Learn Together Surveys November 2, 2021